Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a range of challenges related to social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication. It is a developmental disability that affects how people interact, communicate, learn, and behave. It affects how the brain processes information. The term “spectrum” in autism spectrum disorder reflects the wide variation in challenges and strengths possessed by each individual with autism.

Autism is typically diagnosed in early childhood, and the symptoms and severity can change over time. The exact cause of autism is not fully understood, but a combination of genetic and environmental factors is believed to contribute.

Characteristics of ASD: 

• Symptoms: People with ASD may have difficulty with communication and social interactions, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. 
• Range of abilities: People with ASD can have many strengths, weaknesses, skills, and challenges. Some may have advanced conversation skills, while others may be nonverbal. 
• Age of onset: ASD begins before the age of 3 years and can last throughout a person’s life. 
• Diagnosis: A medical professional can diagnose ASD. 
• Management: There is no known cure, but ASD can be managed to improve symptoms. Early recognition and behavioral, educational, and family therapies may help. 

Early signs of ASD in children include: 

• Not responding with a smile or happy expression by six months 
• Not mimicking sounds or facial expressions by nine months 
• Not babbling or cooing by 12 months 
• Not gesturing by 14 months 
• Not saying single words by 16 months 
• Not playing “make-believe” or pretend by 18 months 

Social Interaction and Communication Challenges:

• Difficulty in understanding and interpreting social cues.
• Challenges in developing and maintaining relationships.
• Limited eye contact and difficulty using or understanding nonverbal cues such as facial expressions and body language.
• Delayed or atypical language development.

Repetitive Behaviors:

• Engaging in repetitive movements or activities (e.g., hand-flapping, rocking).
• Insistence on sameness and resistance to change.
• Highly focused interests in specific topics or objects.

Sensory Sensitivities:

Heightened or reduced sensitivities to sensory stimuli, such as light, sound, texture, or taste.

Strengths and Challenges Vary:

Ability and challenges vary widely among individuals with autism. Some may excel in certain areas, such as mathematics or music, while others face difficulties.

It’s important to note that each person with autism is unique, and interventions and support should be tailored to their specific needs and strengths. Early intervention, behavioral therapy, speech therapy, and educational support are common approaches to help autistic individuals thrive.